READ COST AND RISK SEPARATELY

Delivery Terms and Responsibilities Comparator

Who arranges carriage? Where does risk transfer?

An original reading aid for the Incoterms® 2020 rules. Short notes describe the standard delivery sequence; they do not replace the contract, the official rules or shipment-specific professional review.

Incoterms® 2020 · Sources checked: 2026-11-04 · Information

The 11 short notes below can be read without JavaScript. The selection controls appear here when side-by-side comparison is available.

This view is not a full list of costs or exceptions. Review the named location, carriage contract, transit formalities and notices separately; delays or missing notices can change the standard outline. The delivery term alone does not determine title or payment terms.

Short reading notes for 11 terms

Open a term to read the responsibility topics and the point to confirm.

EXWAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Buyer
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: Goods available to the buyer at the agreed point, before loading onto the collecting vehicle.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export and import: buyer, where applicable. Confirm in advance that the buyer can complete export formalities.
Point to confirm: Who will arrange collection and loading, and can export formalities be completed?

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FCAAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Buyer
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: At the seller’s premises: loading onto the buyer-nominated vehicle. Elsewhere: on the seller’s vehicle, ready for unloading and available to the buyer’s nominee.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Is the named point the seller’s premises or a terminal? Clarify the loading/unloading distinction in writing.

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CPTAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: Handover to the carrier at the agreed delivery point; for multimodal carriage, clarify the first carrier and the point.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Payment of carriage to destination does not mean risk remains with the seller until arrival.

Open the relevant source

CIPAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: At handover to the carrier; arranging insurance and freight to destination does not move the risk point to arrival.
Insurance: The seller arranges insurance, normally on ICC(A) or similar cover. Confirm exclusions and any agreed variation in the policy.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Payment of carriage to destination does not mean risk remains with the seller until arrival.

Open the relevant source

DAPAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: At the agreed destination point, on the arriving vehicle, ready for unloading.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Final unloading is the buyer’s task; separately check whether its cost is covered by the carriage contract.

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DPUAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: At the agreed destination point, after unloading and making the goods available to the buyer.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: The seller also arranges final unloading. Have suitable unloading facilities and responsibility been confirmed?

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DDPAny mode / multimodal

Transport scope: Any mode / multimodal
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: Import-cleared goods at the agreed destination point, on the arriving vehicle, ready for unloading.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export and import: seller, where applicable. The seller’s ability to complete destination-country formalities needs separate confirmation.
Point to confirm: Confirm the seller’s ability to complete destination import/tax formalities and the scope of final unloading.

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FASSea and inland waterway only

Transport scope: Sea and inland waterway only
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Buyer
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: Alongside the buyer-nominated vessel at the loading port, before loading on board.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Delivery to a terminal is not delivery alongside a vessel; confirm the vessel and exact point.

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FOBSea and inland waterway only

Transport scope: Sea and inland waterway only
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Buyer
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: When the goods are loaded on board at the loading port, distinct from terminal gate-in.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: If a container is handed over at a terminal first, also consider FCA; clarify the vessel and notice conditions.

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CFRSea and inland waterway only

Transport scope: Sea and inland waterway only
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: At loading on board at the port of shipment; freight extends to the destination port, but risk transfers at origin.
Insurance: This term alone does not require the seller to insure the buyer’s risk. Discuss cover separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Payment of carriage to destination does not mean risk remains with the seller until arrival.

Open the relevant source

CIFSea and inland waterway only

Transport scope: Sea and inland waterway only
Who arranges and pays main carriage: Seller
Standard delivery / risk-transfer point: At loading on board at the port of shipment; the seller paying freight and insurance does not change that point.
Insurance: The seller arranges insurance, normally on ICC(C) or similar cover. Confirm any wider protection separately.
Customs formalities (general outline): Export: seller · Import: buyer (where applicable).
Point to confirm: Payment of carriage to destination does not mean risk remains with the seller until arrival.

Open the relevant source

Read it together with the quote scope

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Content review

Check date: 2026-11-04General information. Confirm product, route and handling conditions with the Gulf Sea team.

Explanation and date review: 2026-11-04

Explanation and date review: 2025-01-07 · 2026-11-04

Explanation and date review: 2025-05-13 · 2026-11-04

Explanation and date review: 2025-06-20 · 2026-11-04

Explanation and date review: 2024-08-21 · 2026-11-04

Explanation and date review: 2025-03-17 · 2026-11-04

Explanation and date review: 2025-04-16 · 2026-11-04

Delivery Terms and Responsibilities Comparator

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